Can some one tell us about the ranks in Turkish Armed forces and their English equivalent

I hope this will help you,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_equ ... rkish_Army
On the bottum of the page.

Now second question, what were the terms used during Khalifah era?

In Ottoman Empire:

Müşir (Mareşal) (Marshal)
1. Ferik (Orgeneral) (General)
Ferik (Tümgeneral ile Korgeneral arası) (Between Major General and Corps Commander)
Mirliva (Tuğgeneral ile Tümgeneral arası) (Between Brigadier General and Major General)
Miralay (Albay) (Colonel)
Kaymakam (Yarbay) (lieutenant colonel)
Binbaşı (Major)
Kolağası (Kıdemli Yüzbaşı) [Captain (Upper) ]
Yüzbaşı (Captain)
Mülâzımı sâni (Üstteğmen) [Liuetnent(Upper)]
Mülâzımı evvel (Teğmen) ( Second Lieutenant)
Çavuş (Sergeant)
Onbaşı (Corporal)
Nefer (Private)

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